Longer-term costs are also incurred due to the progression along criminal careers that can occur when juveniles succeed in burglary (Owen and Cooper 2013), and due to the reduced employment and life prospects experienced by crime victims (Macmillan 2000). Burglary cost are also multiplied via the further damage to society caused by re-sale markets for stolen goods, illicit drug markets that are funded by the proceeds of burglary, and violence associated with those markets (Felson and Clarke 1998). 78) concluding that “he potential for physical harm to its victims places burglary near the top of offenses most feared by its citizens”. Burglary can also escalate when household occupants are present, and can result in assault and rape, with Shover ( 1991, p. This can include theft of a vehicle for travel to commit a suburban burglary and transport stolen goods. Further, there are numerous cost multipliers from precursor and subsequent crimes. The additional costs to society include the monetary costs of policing, criminal justice and private precautionary responses, health and psychological services, and the cost of the fear of crime engendered. This violation and defilement of their property results in anger, shock, fear and difficulty sleeping (Budd 1999). The monetary costs are often exceeded by the non-monetary emotional and psychological costs to individuals and families of the intrusion and trespass. The monetary costs include the replacement of stolen goods, repairs to damaged property, and the cost of the time to organize those activities. Residential burglary imposes significant financial and emotional costs on victims, their families and friends, and on society in general (Brown and Harris 1989 Shover 1991 Winkel and Vrij 1993 Miller et al. While the findings suggest a considerable revison is needed to our understanding of burglary and burglars, the likelihood that 50 years of diverse burglary research points in the same direction by chance, and without significant contrary evidence, seems remote. Further implications for theory, policy, and research are identified. Hence the study concludes that gradual household security improvements played a central role in the decline in residential burglary. In addition, crime displacement declined over time as fewer households offered easy crime opportunities, and the average age of burglars increased as juveniles found burglary increasingly difficult.
Improvement occurred via several mechanisms: the increased prevalence, quality, coverage, and routine use of security fixtures and fittings.
Here, 50 years of studies are examined chronologically. A consistent narrative emerges which indicates that household security, largely absent in the 1970s, improved gradually over time. International research indicates a need for investigation of the security hypothesis. Residential burglary in the United States has declined by over 80% across the last four decades, representing a major social phenomenon that remains largely unexplained.
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